It allows the translator to change viewpoint or perspective in different ways.

• A. Back Translation.
• B. Literal Translation.
• C. Modulation.
• D. Calque.

Answer: (C)

Modulation involves changing the point of view or the way something is expressed in translation while keeping the meaning the same. It lets the translator reshape the framing of a statement—such as switching from active to passive voice, or moving from a personal, explicit stance to a more general or impersonal one, or adjusting modality to fit the target language’s norms. These shifts are exactly what the prompt is describing when it says the translator can change viewpoint in different ways.

For example, turning an active sentence like “The engineer built the bridge” into the passive “The bridge was built by the engineer” shifts emphasis from the doer to the result, changing the perspective of the statement. Another common modulation is rendering a personal statement in a more impersonal way: “People must respect the law” can become “The law must be respected,” which alters the viewpoint from speaking about people to presenting a general obligation.

Back translation, literal translation, and calque do not inherently involve shifting perspective. Back translation checks accuracy by re-translating into the original language; literal translation aims to preserve word-for-word form; calque borrows a term or phrase directly.