Theories illustrated by extending expert assistance and guidance to learners during the learning process are which?

• A. Cognitive
• B. Social
• C. Behavioral
• D. Humanistic

Answer: (C)

Guided learning through interaction with a more knowledgeable other is a hallmark of social constructivist theory. When an expert provides scaffolding—modeling, hints, feedback, and just-right assistance—the learner tackles tasks just beyond what they can do alone, moving within their Zone of Proximal Development. The support is gradually removed as competence grows, and understanding is built through social interaction and collaboration. This emphasis on mediation by others and shared problem-solving distinguishes it from theories that focus mainly on internal mental processes, reinforcement and observable behavior, or personal growth and self-direction. So, the best fit is the social, constructivist view with scaffolding.