Which approach produces the target language text by preserving meaning while not necessarily matching the original's style or form?

• A. Calque
• B. Literal Translation
• C. Borrowing
• D. Equivalence

Answer: (D)

Equivalence in translation focuses on preserving meaning and the intended effect in the target language, even if the original's style or form isn't mirrored. The aim is that readers in the new language understand the message as the source audience did, with the same function, tone, and impact, even if idioms, syntax, or rhythm are adjusted to fit natural usage. This makes it well-suited for cases where what matters is the idea and its effect, not an exact stylistic replica. It allows expressions to be adapted to the cultural context so an idiom or phrase in the source language can be rendered as a native expression in the target language while keeping the overall sense. In contrast, a calque sticks to a word-for-word skeleton, preserving form at the expense of natural expression; literal translation mirrors words with little attention to sense; borrowing uses the source word with minimal modification.