Which is not listed as a factor contributing to reading failures?

• A. Lack of practice
• B. Poor phonemic awareness
• C. Limited vocabulary
• D. Reading approaches and strategies

Answer: (D)

The main idea here is telling apart what actually causes reading difficulties from what we use to tackle reading. Lack of practice can limit exposure to text, making it hard to build fluency and familiarity. Poor phonemic awareness makes it tough to break down and blend sounds, which hinders decoding. Limited vocabulary hurts understanding as you read, because unfamiliar words slow comprehension. Reading approaches and strategies, on the other hand, are methods readers use to approach text—how they predict, summarize, or use context—which are tools to improve reading, not underlying causes of failure. So, the factor that isn’t typically listed as a contributor to reading failures is reading approaches and strategies.