Which translation method is described as a direct transfer of a source text into a form that is grammatically and idiomatically appropriate in the target language?

• A. Calque
• B. Borrowing
• C. Literal Translation
• D. Equivalence

Answer: (C)

Literal translation is about taking the source text and transferring it into the target language as directly as possible, while making it fit the target language’s grammar and natural usage. The goal is to keep the wording and sentence structure close to the original and still produce a version that reads naturally to native speakers. That makes it the best fit for describing a direct transfer that is grammatically and idiomatically appropriate in the target language. Calque would replicate the source’s phrases or components too literally, often sounding odd in the target language; borrowing just imports a word; and equivalence aims for the same meaning or effect rather than preserving form.